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Key Strategies Can Protect Youth From Sexual Abuse The numbers speak louder than words: There are over 83 pregnancies per 1,000 adolescents in the United States, compared with 10 in Japan and 12 in the Netherlands. However, according to a recent article in Pediatric Nursing journal, understanding the risk factors for sexual assault and early sexual behavior and then implementing protective steps can go a long way in keeping children safe. In the January-February 2008 issue of the journal, authors Lynn Rew and Katherine Bowman outline the forces that put children at risk, including permissive parenting, lack of sex education, unsupervised leisure time and exposure to mass media. Not only do parents need to step in and monitor their children, but communities and schools must act to set up effective programs and education, Rew and Bowman advise. Nurses are in an ideal position to have a positive impact, the authors say. For example, public and community health nurses can plan and implement community-wide programs. They can also be alert to individuals at risk and take appropriate protective steps. Third, nurses can join with other health care professionals and act as advocates to inspire lawmakers to strengthen national sexual health policies. "Protecting Youth from Early and Abusive Sexual Experiences" Lynne Rew, EdD, RN, AHN-BC, FAAN, and Katherine Bowman, PhD, RN Pediatric Nursing January-February 2008. Pediatric Nursing is a clinically-based journal focusing on the needs of professionals in pediatric practice, research, administration and education. www.pediatricnursing.net
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Shooting a basketball is a great exercise to add to your everyday routine because it is an awesome cardiovascular workout. Shooting hoops will also tone your calves and your arms from the fluent motions that you are going to have to do over in over while shooting hoops. Every single thing that you do when you are playing basketball is helping some sort of muscle that you have in your body because it make you exert so much energy. Cardio machines are other great exercises that you can add to your every day routines because they will get you in great health in no time. There is the elliptical machine which really works out your abs, arms, and legs when you are on it. There is also the bicycle which is an awesome exercise for your calves and quadriceps and will get up your stamina so you will be able to do more cardiovascular exercises. Another exercise that you can do is the treadmill which will really get your heart beat pumping. The stairs is another great cardio machine because it works out your bottom half of your body. Another great exercise that you should add to your everyday routine is boxing a punching bag because this will get your endurance up so much. Also boxing will get your arms, chest, and shoulders ripped and toned in a matter of a couple of days. Even If you do not have a punching bag you can still just stand still and punch into the air because it is a great non contact exercise. All of these exercises are great to add to your everyday routine because they all will help you get to a new healthier you. ambien basic chemisty, avapro 300 mg, clarinex alesse famvir zyrtec, effexor from swelling xr, premarin package insert, generic sertraline buy, 3 canada generic in viagra, best viagra online source, online pharmacy denavir yasmin yasmin, drugs zoloft 20:13 - 2008-Mar-30 - comments {0} - post commentReconstructing Jumping Gene: New Tool For Elucidating The Function Of Genes
In the laboratory, the artificial transposon developed by Dr. Ludivine Sinzelle, Dr. Zsuzsanna Izsvák, and Dr. Zoltán Ivics also shows cut-and-paste transposition in human cells and promises to serve as a useful experimental system for investigating human gene function. Transposons comprise about half of the human genome. “They are molecular parasites, similar to fleas, only that they are in the genome of the host and not on its back,” Dr. Zoltán Ivics explained. They jump, move, and proliferate through the host, without whom they could not survive. In most cases, transposons do not fulfill any function in the human genome. “However, not all are superfluous,” Dr. Ivics went on to say. “More than 100 active genes, including some associated with the immune system, have been recognized as probably derived from transposons.” To reconstruct an active transposon, Dr. Ivics’ team compared the DNA of various inactive Harbinger transposons, one of the largest superfamilies of transposons. Based on these results, they developed an artificial jumping gene. “We were very lucky,” Dr. Ivics said. “The very first experiment was successful.” New tool for basic research In the cell lab, the MDC researchers inserted the transposon into the human cell by means of a gene shuttle. Via a cut-and-paste mechanism, the artificial transposon excises itself from its transport vehicle and inserts itself into the genome of the cell. If the transposon jumps into an important gene and deactivates it, it may impair important processes in the cell. As a result, researchers can draw conclusions about the function of the gene. Moreover, in the course of evolution, transposons have been responsible for the emergence of new genes. Thus, through computerized gene analysis, Dr. Ivics’ research team has discovered two new elements related to the Harbinger transposon. In a new project, Dr. Ivics aims to elucidate just what role these play in the human body. Over the long term, scientists hope to use such transposons in gene therapy as well. With the aid of a transposon, an intact copy of a gene could be incorporated into the genome of a patient to repair a defective gene. “But until this can happen, there is still a lot to be done,” Dr. Ivics pointed out. “The new gene should not just jump in anywhere.” The article "Transposition of a Reconstructed Harbinger Element in Human Cells and Functional Homology with Two Transposon-derived Cellular Genes," has just been published online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS 10.1073/pnas.0707746105) Adapted from materials provided by Max Delbrueck Centre for Molecular Medicine, via AlphaGalileo.
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As with mice, the TEX11 gene is also located on the human X chromosome. Given that disruption of TEX11 causes azoospermia, or non-measurable sperm levels in mice, mutations in the human TEX11 gene may be a genetic cause of infertility in men. Because men have only one X chromosome that they inherit from their mother and thus only one copy of the TEX11 gene, any mutation could theoretically lead to sterility. Like other X-linked disorders such as color blindness and muscular dystrophy, genetic mutation causing a son’s infertility could be passed from his mother. Researchers hypothesize that a screening of the TEX11 gene may provide a pre-birth diagnosis for infertility in men. The study, published in the March issue of Genes & Development, also reports the first meiosis-specific factor ever found on the X chromosome. Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces gametes in both sexes. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes undergo pairing, synapsis, recombination and faithful segregation. Meiosis allows the exchange of genetic material between paternal and maternal genomes to produce genetically diverse gametes (sperm or eggs). Therefore, defects in meiosis are a leading cause of both infertility and birth defects. An estimated 15 percent of couples are affected by infertility worldwide, yet the genetic causes of male infertility remain largely unknown. For decades, conventional wisdom stated that the X chromosome had little to do with meiosis or infertility because the X chromosome is silenced during male meiosis. This thinking led to fertility studies that focused on the Y chromosome and autosomes. In fact, Jeremy Wang, assistant professor in the Department of Animal Biology at the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Veterinary Medicine, and his team revealed in an earlier study of mouse male germ cells that nearly one third of the germ cell-specific genes they identified are located on the X-chromosome. Wang and his team found that sex chromosomes did play a role in meiosis. Although these X-linked, germ cell-specific genes undergo inactivation during later stages of male meiosis, they play a role in the early stages. Specifically, researchers found that TEX11 forms discrete foci on meiotic chromosomes and appears to be a novel constituent of the meiotic recombination machinery. The team genetically engineered male mice such that they lacked TEX11 function and found that this caused chromosomal asynapsis during the process of gamete formation. This means that homologous chromosomes failed to pair together during meiosis and chromosomes formed fewer crossovers, i.e. sites where they recombine, during the initial stages of meiosis. These failures led to elimination of spermatocytes at later stages in the genetic recombination process and, ultimately, male infertility. Researchers hypothesize that because TEX11 interacts with SYCP2, an integral component of the protein complex that mediates synapsis during meiosis, TEX11 promotes both synapsis and genetic recombination and may provide a physical link between these two meiotic processes. The study was performed by Wang and Fang Yang in the Department of Animal Biology in Penn’s School of Veterinary Medicine; Katarina Gell and Christer Höög of the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology at the Karolinska Institutet; Godfried W. van der Heijden and David C. Page of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute and Department of Biology of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Sigrid Eckardt, N. Adrian Leu and K. John McLaughlin of the Center for Animal Transgenesis and Germ Cell Research at Penn Vet’s New Bolton Center; Ricardo Benavente of the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at the University of Würzburg; and Chengtao Her of the School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology at Washington State University. The study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the Swedish Cancer Society, the Swedish Research Council, the Karolinska Institutet, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Adapted from materials provided by University of Pennsylvania.
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